Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe-Shift from divided feudal to unified national monarchies-100 years war & schism declined the nobility and clergy-Towns allied with kings, which broke feudalism-As monarchs acted more independently, assemblies and representatives lost power-Regional became national and pledged to the state-Standing national armies brought strength to the monarchsDownsides-Nobles and high-class citizens resisted taxation-Commercial taxes on the poor was the only way to gain money-Kings borrowed money from nobles which made them on the same levelFrance-Charles VII drove the English out of France and built a strong economy-France squandered its resources and became weak once they were in debtSpain-Spain was unified when Isabella and Ferdinand married-The Hermandad, a powerful league of cities and towns, allied themselves with the crown-Religion was centered on Christianity as the state was-Oversea explorations were promoted (Christopher Columbus)Downsides-The Inquisition run by Tomas de Torquemada persecuted other religions and was a base of counter-reformation-French marriages were forbiddenEngland-The War of the Roses kept England in turmoil-Henry VII created the Court of Star Chamber (this was suppose to solve problems with equality)-Henry stole noble lands and came to a strong ruleThe Holy Roman Empire-Germany divided into 300 smaller kingdoms became weak-The princes worked together and reached an agreement in 1356, the Golden Bull (this was a 7 member electoral college which functioned as an administration)-A supreme court was created to solve internal problems-Later, it was disbanded because it gave princes a share in executive power-Unification failed because princes were sovereign rulers-However, it was out of the small feudal places where reformation startedThe Northern Renaissance-Reformation began in the Netherlands where it permitted men and women to live a shared religious life-Northern humanists had a mo...
